Pay Equity In Labor Force Movement Essay

Debates about women’s rights at work and the gendered dimensions of employment inequality were notable and contested features of Canadian political discourse throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Concern about these issues took root during the 1940s, when women experienced dramatic shifts in their employment opportunities as a result of being drawn into and later jettisoned from the reserve army of wartime labor. Pressure to improve women’s employment conditions, particularly in the burgeoning public sector, recurred in the mid-1950s. However, it was in the 1960s, once the second wave of feminism took root in Canada, that women began to develop a sustained critique of the employment inequalities they experienced and pressure their governments to address the problem through policy innovation and change. (Westhues, 45-58) From the outset of second-wave feminism, women advanced analyses of employment inequality that took account of their labor in both the public and domestic spheres. As Brockman noted, activists â€Å"drew attention, as had never been done before, to the fundamental incompatibility between reproductive labor and child care, on the one hand, and paid work on the other, as well as to the profound consequences of this incompatibility. † (Brockman, 78-93) While liberal, radical, and socialist feminists approached this issue from different ideological vantage points, they shared a common belief that the causes of gender inequality in employment were not rooted solely in the workplace. Only, they claimed, if questions about women’s employment in the public sphere were addressed in tandem with questions about their labor in the domestic sphere would the gendered dimensions of employment inequality be fully understood. In particular, feminists thought that women’s maternal work had to be recognized in discussions about promoting gender equality in the workplace. As Westhues, a well-known socialist feminist, once argued, â€Å"As long as women have the primary responsibility for maintenance of the home and for child care, we will be less than able to pursue job opportunities and our domestic commitments will be used to justify discriminatory employment practices. † (Westhues, 45-58) Growing awareness of the need to link questions about production and reproduction in analyses of women’s economic position was by no means unique to Canadian feminism. It was, for example, well established in the early writing of second-wave feminists in Britain and the United States. What did, however, distinguish Canadian feminists from their counterparts in these other liberal democracies was an ability to work together, despite ideological differences, in order to advance this double-edged critique of gender inequality in employment. Right from the start of the contemporary women’s movement, Canadian feminists engaged with the state, demanding policies that recognized the link between women’s employment opportunities and the provision of child care. Canadian feminists lobbied both federal and provincial governments about the need to improve women’s employment opportunities and expand the provision of child care. It was in the federal arena, however, that women (outside Quebec) focused their demands for the development of policies that acknowledged the link between these two issues. In some respects, this federal focus was surprising. After all, only one-tenth of the Canadian labor force is regulated by the federal government, and even at the start of second-wave feminism both federal and provincial governments had been involved in employment opportunity and child care initiatives. Moreover, even though the federal government has the constitutional capacity to use its spending power to underwrite the provision of state-subsidized child care, it is the provinces that retain constitutional control over the delivery of this service. The federal focus of women’s campaigns was encouraged by the fact that the renaissance of Canadian feminism occurred within the context of a broader social project to achieve universal welfare guarantees, assured by the Canadian state. It was reinforced by the government of Canada’s decision to establish the 1967 Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW) to inquire how best the federal government could ensure that women enjoyed â€Å"equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. † It has since been sustained by the work of activists in national organizations, in particular the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC), founded in 1972, and the Canadian Day Care Advocacy Association (CDCAA), established in 1982 and renamed the Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada (CCAAC) in 1992. However, despite a long history of feminist engagement with the federal state, women’s repeated campaigns for the development of policies to address the double-edged nature of gender inequality in employment, and the clear recognition of these demands in reports of royal commissions and task forces, the federal policy response has been uneven. Policies to eradicate sex discrimination at work and promote women’s employment opportunities have been developed and implemented in the federal policy sphere. By contrast, the federal government has not developed policies to promote a publicly funded system of child care in order to enhance women’s employment opportunities, save as emergency measures during the Second World War or as an element of broader initiatives to get â€Å"welfare mothers† out to work. Instead it has treated child care as a fiscal issue for which parents can receive subsidies through federal taxation. This paper examines why a double-edged interpretation of women’s employment inequality, which recognizes the public and domestic dimensions of women’s work, has not been fully absorbed into federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment. The analysis follows the development of debates about women’s rights at work from the period of reconstruction after the Second World War, when questions about eradicating employment discrimination against worker-citizens first emerged in Canadian political debate, through to the close of the twentieth century. It examines federal policy developments under Liberal and Conservative governments, showing that even though the reports of federal royal commissions and task forces encoded feminist demands for a double-edged attack on employment inequality, questions about promoting women’s employment equality and child care were continually driven apart in the federal policy process. Women’s Paid and Caring Work  While this is by no means the first time that scholars have considered the relationship between Canadian women’s work inside and outside the home, it is noticeable how the link between these two aspects of women’s labor was explored by historians and sociologists before being addressed by analysts of public policy. In the late 1970s, members of the Women’s History Collective at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and the Clio Collective in Montreal pioneered research in Canada on how women’s labor had shifted from the unpaid domestic sphere into the world of paid employment. In the process, they unearthed textual and oral histories that demonstrated how, despite this transition, women still faced the double bind of a double-day in which they went out to work for pay and home to work for love. Their findings were reinforced in late 1970s and 1980s by sociological analyses of women’s work arguing that because women so often entered employment while maintaining primary responsibility for the care of their children, they frequently found themselves concentrated in low-paid, low-status employment. Despite the fact that historians, sociologists, and feminist activists drew attention to the â€Å"double ghetto† of women’s working lives, discussions about policies to promote women’s employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care evolved as distinct scholarly debates. The literature on policies to promote Canadian women’s employment opportunities emerged within the context of broader discussions and debates about the development of policies to root out discrimination in the workplace. By contrast, the literature on Canadian child care policy evolved around questions about the development, cost, and politics of implementing public policies to promote the welfare, education, care, and development of young children. In recent years, however, policy analysts have paid much greater attention to the link between women’s paid and caring work. Jacobs, 120-128) Nonetheless, no one has yet considered why Canadian government policies to promote women’s employment opportunities and improve the provision of child care have been developed at such different rates and, despite repeated calls to the contrary, not linked in the design of public policies to promote gender equality in federally regulated employment. This pattern of inquiry is understandable, given the discrete historical development of policies concerned with child care and those concerned with women’s employment. However, it unduly limits our understanding of the gendered dimensions of employment inequality in Canada and fails to capture the empirical reality of many women’s working lives. Double-Edged Nature of Women’s Employment Inequality Why did women’s double-edged demand for equal employment opportunities and child care emerge in Canada in the 1960s and 1970s? After all, from the mid-1950s Canada experienced one of the fastest rates of labor force feminization in the Western industrialized world. The decline of manufacturing industries and the concomitant growth of the tertiary sector in the 1950s and 1960s meant that while industries that had traditionally attracted men closed down, those demanding support skills that had long characterized women’s traditional domestic roles expanded. Moreover, in countries like Canada, where welfare states were being established, the growth in women’s employment intensified most quickly. The much trumpeted rise in female labor force participation rates did not, however, mean that women engaged in paid employment on the same terms as men. The occupational segregation of Canadian men and women persisted in both horizontal and vertical forms. In fact, this process intensified with the increased participation of women in the paid labor force. As a result, the vast majority of women found themselves working in poorly paid occupations, situated in the lower echelons of private companies and public sector organizations. Moreover, as Jacobs have noted, although the creation of welfare states meant that â€Å"women as a group had more employment opportunities open up for them than men† in the mid-twentieth century, the growth in women’s employment was in the part-time sector of the labor force, which was increasingly dominated by women in all OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Jacobs, 120-128) This simply intensified the inequalities of employment opportunity that women experienced because part-time work is concentrated in the least-skilled, lowest-paid, and most poorly organized sections of the labor force, where benefits are usually more limited than in the full-time sector. The rapid growth in women’s participation in part-time rather than fulltime employment reflects two other factors about the feminization of the Canadian labor force. On the one hand, it relates to the type of work that the service sector has generated and to the increasing flexibility demanded of its employees. On the other hand, it reflects the fact that the greatest increase in female labor force participation rates since the 1960s has been among women with young children. In the early 1960s, most female employees in Canada would leave the workforce when their first child was born and return only when their youngest child had entered school. By the mid-1980s most women with young children went out to work. Indeed, as Pendakur have noted, â€Å"By 1991 all traces of the reproduction function had disappeared with female labor force participation rates peaking in the major family-rearing age categories†. The double burden that women experience from juggling their employment while continuing to care for their children has been reinforced by the limited provision of subsidized child care spaces in Canada. In the late 1960s, when women began to pressure the federal government to address the minimal provision of child care for working women, federal subsidies for child care were limited to support for welfare mothers under the 1966 Canada Assistance Plan. This pattern changed very little in the course of the twentieth century, although federal subsidies to support child care for low-income families became increasingly tied to efforts to get mothers receiving welfare out to work. Although recent federal publications on the status of day care in Canada boast â€Å"a twenty-five-fold increase† in child care spaces since the government first gathered these data in 1971, in fact the proportion of children of working mothers who have access to regulated child care remains very low. As a result, most working parents remain highly dependent on informal, unregulated child care. Indeed, as Brockman noted, in the mid-1990s â€Å"children in informal child care arrangements accounted for eighty per cent of all child care used by parents in Canada. † (Brockman, 78-93) The federal state in Canada has addressed questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women in the public sphere with relative ease but has failed to recognize that this project cannot be achieved without addressing the questions of child care that affect so many women’s working lives. While the reasons for this are complex, some insights from feminist theory may help us to begin this exploration. In recent years, a number of feminist theorists have discussed how the concept of worker-citizenship that took root as welfare states were developed in countries such as Canada did not take account of the different contexts in which women and men often assumed employment. (Pendakur, 111-120) As a result, when questions about promoting equal employment opportunities for men and women began to emerge in the 1950s and ’60s, they were framed in terms of women achieving the same opportunities as men. Indeed, Canadian have tried to develop a more nuanced concept of worker citizenship that not only respects the objective of equality of opportunity but also takes workers’ particular circumstances into account and, in the case of women, enables them to integrate their paid and caring work better. In the process, women have argued that a state that upholds the principle of gender equality must develop policies that take account of the interconnectedness of the public and domestic spheres and recognize the different contexts in which men and women often assume employment. Conclusion Nonetheless, although Canadian feminists have a long history of active engagement with the state, developed through a â€Å"visible and articulate women’s movement† that has successfully placed issues on the political agenda, the result, more often than not, has been that their demands have been contained within a limited set of reforms. As a result, those aspects of gender discrimination in the workplace that concern practices within the public sphere have been acknowledged through the introduction of anti-discrimination and employment equity policies. By contrast, women have had more difficulty getting their proposals for policies that transcend the public/ private divide, by linking questions of equal employment opportunity with those of child care, acknowledged in the federal policy arena. Despite their efforts to forge these links through two major royal commissions and other government inquiries, problems of gender inequality in employment are still primarily defined as issues located within the public sphere of employment. Without doubt, over the past thirty years there have been clear improvements in the position of women in the federally regulated section of the Canadian labor force. Nonetheless, women continue to cluster in the lower echelons of companies and organizations and remain under-represented in more senior positions. While this persistent pattern of inequality has many causes, paper shows how it reflects a federal policy process that concentrates on ensuring the comparable treatment of male and female employees once they have entered the labor market, yet, for complex reasons, repeatedly stalls on developing a more expansive approach to child care. As a result, federal policies to promote gender equality in the sphere of employment neglect the inequalities of access and participation that many women experience as they continue or resume employment once they have dependent children.

The Childhood Memory

Childhood is the shortest period but the most significant time in our life. I have got a lot of childhood memories. I think the childhood memory in kindergarten was the most impression memory in my mind. I have never forgotten the first day when I went to the kindergarten. I was 3 years old. My father took me to school. Because my father very strange, I didn’t allow to cry. My grandmother, who had taken care of me from I was born to now, was crying a lot when I went to school in the first day. I went to school. Everything was very strange to me. I didn’t know everybody. Then I saw many children cried. They didn’t want to leave their parent. All of them went to school in the first day like me. When my father left, I didn’t cry. I just stood in one corner and though about my grandmother. I missed her very much. I didn’t want to leave her, but I needed to go to school. Fortunately, the teacher was kind-heated and responsible. They were very friendly. They took care of us extremely well. They didn’t shout to us. One week ago, I had a lot of friend. After a short time, I got used to the atmosphere of the class. We played with toys, learned to sing and dance, role-played different animal character. When I was four, I took part in a theater club. To celebrate the Teacher Day, we decided to have a play. I was a main character in a play. A play was about two bear went through a bridge. I was one of two bear, I was a white bear. A white bear was walking along the bride when a white bear met a black bear. So we stopped and we had a chat. It just was a short play but it made us feel very happy. All the people in my family went to my school to see I acted. They were very proud of me. After finishing the play, all the people in the school ground were congratulate us by clapping hands. It was fascinating. I had never had beautiful experience before. I can’t forget the childhood memory. I love my childhood even though I am grown up. I think that was the most impression experience I have ever had. Up to now, I am very proud of me and feel happy when I remember this experience.

Technology and the mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology and the mind - Essay Example One gadget receiving the greatest use the world over is the mobile phone for its communicative importance. Psychologists have expressed concern on grooving excessive use and addiction to mobile phone in today’s society which comes with negative health ramifications. Some scientists have also opined this growing to technology aided by communication gadgets hinders our scientific abilities as people tend consume just what has been made available instead of thinking deeply and innovatively. in other words technology is making us more lazy in terms of thinking critically problematic use of some technologies such as the mobile phone is significantly interfering with quality of life negatively. The amount of time spent on the phone is not the real problem with technology but the need to stay connected. This could be the core reason as to the addiction being witnessed. The response by individuals when their phone is removed is another important cue. Most will show signs such as anxiety, depression and withdrawal if their access to technology is removed. studies in Japan on children who posses phones has shown they are less likely to befriend peers who are not savvy, while another in one in Britain shows that 36% of students in colleges are not able to survive with their phones. According to Sheffield quoted in (Birdwell, 2007) â€Å"The most shocking figure was that 7 percent said the use of mobile phones had caused them to lose a relationship or a job.† On the hand there those who oppose the argument that technology is detrimental to the mind. Their position is based on the fact that technology is being used by all scientists in their work, it continues to enhance life in every area. E-mail, PowerPoint presentations, the internet, mobile phones and other technologies they argue are part and parcel of any scientist’s life. They agree to the notion that information overload may cause

Impact of leadership on the functioning of an organization Assignment

Impact of leadership on the functioning of an organization - Assignment Example Impact of leadership on the functioning of an organization The term leadership simply means the method of influencing a group of people & guiding them towards the accomplishment of a common objective. Presently it is required to discuss the impact of leadership on the functioning of an organization where I have worked. Generally the organizations get highly benefitted by the implementation of proper leadership approaches as it effects in improved quality of the goods & services produced by the organization. The organization where I used to work had a business of Herbal Products. The company mainly dealt with ointments for joint pains & muscle aches, syrups for immunity building, moisturizer & body-oil for soft & supple skin & many such products for the day-to-day use by the consumers. The organization followed a combination of centralized & decentralized structure. The various departments worked on a decentralized manner where there was no specialization & everyone knew the task of the other person. Job Rotation was being practiced on a regular basis. However at the end of the month, all the departments were accountable to present their whole month’s report to the top management. The overall functioning of the organization was based on the framework of situational leadership style. This style is based on the attitude of people towards the work delegated to them & their response towards the act of being led by a leader. (Clark, n.d.). The concept of situational leadership is depen dent on the key elements of relationship behavior & task behavior. The relationship behavior refers to the amount of emotional & social support provided by the leader. It indicates the communication flow between the leader & his followers. Task behavior refers to the direction & guidance provided by the leader. It is highly work- centered & focuses on the efficient accomplishment of the objectives. In the situational style of leadership, four basic situations have been identified by the leadership experts that are based on task behavior on one axis & relationship behavior on the other axis of the graph. The following illustration exhibits the diagram of a situational leadership framework- The four styles as shown in the diagram are- Style 1 (S1 or Directing): High task/low relationship This leader is considered to be very strict who only focuses on the accomplishment of the task & maintains very low level of relationship with the followers. Style 2 (S2 or Coaching): High task/high r elationship This leader is highly committed towards the task as well as towards maintaining a healthy relationship with the employees. Style 3 (S3 or Supporting): High relationship/low task This leader puts more emphasis on dealing with the followers & maintaining better relations with them. Style 4 (S4 or Delegating): Low relationship/low task This leader puts lesser stress on both the task & relationship behavior. These styles represent the leadership approach that entirely depends on the situation faced by the organization. In case of the organization where I

Recommendation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recommendation Report - Essay Example The two investors sued Bright Light for failure to honor their contract and fraudulently obtaining money from them. With evidence and witnesses having presented and appeared before the duly, the court ordered that I should conduct a thorough investigation and auditing of Bright Light company. In interviewed Thomas and Pius Longman, the CEO of Bright light. During my investigations, I found out that Bright Light had actually used Thomas in several occasions in order to manipulate its records in order to please investors. I recommend that Bright Light directed to refund the money they owe the plaintiffs. Additionally all their dividends must be paid in full in reference to the contract. On the other hand, Thomas should be subjected to the full force of the law. In addition, he should be barred from participating into any form of transactions by any of the auditing firm for the next three years. Key words: fraud, Bright Light consultant firm, manipulation of company’s records, pl ease investors. Introduction Mr. Mark Thomas was an accountant at Bright Light consultant firm. Several allegations were raised in regard to allegations of fraud by the company. In essence, in the bid by the company to develop and maintain competitive advantage, it resulted into venturing into fabricating fake accounting documents in order to attract more shareholders. In 2012, Mr. Thomas was in charge of the accounting department. ... This dubious act was intended to build confidence of potential investors in Bright Light performance. Consequently, many people invested in the company with expectations that they would get good returns in regard to the good performance record portrayed by the company. Nevertheless, this act of fraud by Bright Light would not last for long before the scandal was revealed by some investors after the company failed to honor its agreement with the investors in relation to payments of dividends due by the end of their first year they entered into a contract with the company. As a result of these deliberations, two investors sued Bright Light for failure to honor their contract and fraudulently obtaining money from them. With evidence and witnesses having presented and appeared before the duly, the court ordered that I should conduct a thorough investigation and auditing of Bright Light company. Specifically, the court wanted me to find answers to the following questions: 1. Did Thomas en gage in manipulating records? 2. If yes, why did he do that? 3. Was the company CEO aware of these accounts? 4. What is the best way to deal with such incidences if proved to be there? Results With such accounts, it is evident that Bright Light had ventured into dangerous business that put Thomas into controversy especially when it came to having a dilemma on whether he would keep the secret in order to retain his job or on the other hand, to tell the truth in order to save hundreds of investors who had invested in Bright Light. Studies have indicated that, in the accounting sector, it is crucial for persons in this profession to exercise the highest level of honesty and accountability when discharging their mandates (Hoffman, 1996;

Finance- Israel Stock Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance- Israel Stock Exchange - Essay Example Globes, Israel Business Arena is one of the leading business publications in Israel. This article reports on a the Deloitte 2010 Global Venture Capital Survey, carried out in conjunction with venture capital associations around the world. The headline captures the negative results of the survey and the bad news for the Israeli stock market. The survey found that the majority of venture capital firms were looking first and foremost to increase their foreign investment in China (27%) and then India (14%). The article does not contain the precise numbers for Israel but notes that interest has fallen since 2009. Commenting on the results, Igal Brightman CPA, chairman and CEO of Deloitte Brightman Almagor Zohar & Co.and managing partner of the TMT group in Deloitte, said, "The migration of venture capital eastward indicates that the global high-tech industry is seeking new growth opportunities. The main indicators in the Israeli economy, among them accession to the OECD, the fall in the shekel-dollar exchange rate and the rise in salary levels, make Israel less attractive in comparison with the alternatives." This is very bad news for the Israeli economy as foreign venture capital investment, particularly in the hi-tech sector has been a key engine of growth in the Israeli economy and stock market in the past. Daniel, Robert, (November 8, 2010) â€Å"Market Watch: Israel stocks fall; gas firms hit by tax reports†. The Wall Street Journal Digital Network. Web. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/israel-stocks-fall-tax-reports-hit-gas-firms-2010-11-08. This article reports on a slight decline in the Israeli stock market on Monday, November 8, 2010. However, more substantively it identifies factors underlying the drop in, and poor prospects for the future in the natural gas sector and the telecom sector. The article reports that the Israeli government is considering a new financial arrangements with natural gas producers. â€Å"A government committee is planning to

Primary Critical Anaylysis of Edward Albee's The Zoo Essay

Primary Critical Anaylysis of Edward Albee's The Zoo - Essay Example In the play "The Zoo Story" by Edward Albee in 1958 first performed in Berlin at the Schiller Theater Werkstatt, 1959. The "zoo" imagery runs throughout the play and the actual crisis emerges from the sentence that Jerry enters saying "I've been to the zoo". Jerry reflects a "great weariness" and questions the verisimilitude of "social prosperity" and "happiness" that the optimism that seem to surround the American Dream. The isolation and the confinement of his free life becomes the curse of the modern society. He is free to remain condemned, and hardly can share a relationship with even an animal. The one-act drama revolves around the concept of the 'zoo' that belies the 'Disneyland' of American promise of superabundance and civility. My present concern in this paper is to analyze the questions that Jerry raises and how he escapes through his death. On a fine Sunday afternoon Peter sits on a park bench reading a book, just when Jerry enters looking a bit tattered and ragged. He starts a conversation with Peter which takes a violent turn after Jerry goes into a detailed analysis of his life at his apartment, and his relationship with a dog the story that he names "THE STORY OF JERRY AND THE DOG!". The dialogues about his personal life and that of the present turn seamy which ultimately takes a dangerous note when he starts telling Peter what exactly he saw in the zoo. Peters request to leave becomes ridiculous when Jerry starts to tickle him without reason, almost bordering on absurdity. While continuing with his zoo story Jerry challenges Peter repeatedly to leave the bench and hits him on his hand. Angry at the illogicality of Jerry's response he starts a fight and ultimately falls into Jerry trap when he picks up his knife and Jerry lunges on him killing himself. Jerry dies with a fitting parody of a prayer. The speech of Jerry borders on madness and implicitly becomes a subversive force to unsettle the middle-class morals that seem to be the binding force of the American bourgeoisie. Jerry questions traditional concept of roles as he confuses "wife" with "parakeets", "cats" and often compares Peter's household with a zoo that makes a mockery of marriage and human relationships. Most importantly it becomes a satire against the concept of the "family" as portrayed by the popular American image, like the "The Brady Bunch", a sitcom aired between 1969 and 1974. Clearly Jerry and peter represent two different worlds.1The typical archetype of "good old mom" and "good old pop" are just ideals that the society forces on us and thus Jerry says that the empty picture frames that should have framed another picture perfect moment is just a sham and his family history is just another terrible "middle-European joke". Again he scandalizes middle-class morality by professing that he was "once" a homose xual and graphically gives a detailed encounter of his landlady and the "pretty little ladies" who are just an embodiment of carnal "desires". This is a mockery of the prudery as he says "People looked up. It always happens when I try to simplify things; people look up" Jerry is not stupid, infact he is quite learned since he tragically says that he is "howling because [he] is alive". Characters like the hellish dog, the "colored queen",

How can forensic crime scene analysis assist with developing offender Essay

How can forensic crime scene analysis assist with developing offender profiles Illustrate your answer with examples - Essay Example For the profiler the process begins at the scene of the crime – the pieces needed in order to solve the puzzle are found here, and it would be impossible to proceed without a thorough investigation of the crime scene. Forensic evidence, details concerning the mode of attack, the victim chosen and other pertinent details are collected by the profiler and these serve as the foundation on which the offender profile is developed. Thus the importance of forensic crime scene analysis in developing the offender profile cannot be stressed enough. The evidence gathered at the scene of the crime, both physical and behavioural serves as the springboard on which the profiler gains access to the criminal mind. Over the years, forensic technology has improved vastly and has had a tremendous impact on police investigations as we know it. Some people go as far as to say that the infamous Jack the Ripper would have been nabbed if Scotland Yard could have had the benefits of the enhanced forensic technology available today. Be that as it may, evidence in the form of a fingerprint left on the crime scene, a shoe print, physical evidence like hair, fibres, semen, blood or other bodily fluids can go a long way in helping the police to identify the perpetrator. Locard’s Exchange Principle was a groundbreaking development in forensic technology. According to Saferstein, it â€Å"†¦ states that when an offender comes into contact with a location or another person an exchange of evidence occurs† (cited by Turvey, 2002, p.40). Consequently, the perpetrator leaves a part of himself behind while also taking something with him that is bound to link him to the crime. Physical evidence l eft behind may be compared against a database of known offenders and more often than not the identity of the perpetrator can be established. Fingerprint technology and

Critically discuss the ethical arguments for and against the Essay

Critically discuss the ethical arguments for and against the legalisation of euthanasia - Essay Example Genetic views strongly believe that life starts at fertilization stage whereas embryological views argue that life begins at the point of gestation (Gilbert, 2011; Blazer & Zimmer, 2005, pp. 1 – 20). As compared to genetic and embryological views, some people argue that life begins at birth (ibid). Regardless of how life starts, health care professionals are trained to conserve human lives by alleviating their suffering whenever they are terminally ill. As much as possible, medical care professionals should prolong the lives of the patients unless there is an advance order stating that the patient instructed a â€Å"do not resuscitate† (DNR) decision together with the patient’s signature (Salmasy, Sood, & Ury, 2008). Death is the end part of the life cycle which nobody can avoid. Aside from a combination of pain, depression, and psychological disturbances, the fact that the economic cost of medical intervention for terminally ill patients is very expensive for mo st people with average income increases the number of cases wherein a terminally ill patient would seek for medical assistance to end their lives at the soonest possible time. Euthanasia is all about â€Å"intentional killing of a dependent human being, by act or omission, for the patient’s alleged legal benefits† (Ciabal, 2003, p. 129). ... euthanasia is considered as â€Å"good death† since this option allows a terminally ill patient to live the last few minutes of their lives more comfortable (ibid). Focusing on ethical cases whereby terminally ill patients are seeking for euthanasia, this report will discuss whether or not a terminally ill patient has the right to refuse medical treatment. In reference to the sanctity of life and quality of life perspective, this report will discuss why life should be prioritized more than death. As part of going through the main discussion, whether or not the patients have the right to request for an ineffective medical treatment will be answered together with the clinicians’ obligations to meet the patients’ request. After discussing the significance of advance directives in terminating the lives of terminally ill patients, some barriers that could prevent the patients from writing an advance directive will be identified and tackled in details. The Right of a T erminally Ill Patient to Refuse Medical Treatment Under the informed consent guidelines, the doctors and nurses should properly inform the patients about the main purpose, advantages, and disadvantages of each prescribed drug and other medical care intervention such as the use of life-sustaining treatment like tube feeding devices, mechanical breathing ventilation and dialysis machines, and/or diagnosing devices like x-ray and CT scan (Kaufmann & Ruhli, 2010; Ganzini et al., 2003). On top of this, each medical care professional is also required to respect and observe the patient’s autonomy by allowing them to make their personal decision when it comes to selecting the care and medical treatment they prefer (Walker, 2009; Stirrat & Gill, 2005). Given that each patient has the right to accept or not to

Land Law solve the problem with Sunnydale Cottage Essay

Land Law solve the problem with Sunnydale Cottage - Essay Example †¢In May 2006, Charlotte went abroad for a few months on holiday. She sent post cards to each of the other inhabitants of Sunnydale Cottage saying that she had met Costas, a Greek waiter, and wanted to marry him. Accordingly, she notified them all that â€Å"My one fifth share in Sunnydale Cottage is to be ring-fenced and should anything happen to me Costas is to get it.† The postcard to Barbara was lost in the post and never delivered. Charlotte has tried of Costas and has now returned to live in Sunnydale Cottage. The TLATA avoids this problem as there is no duty to sell under a trust of land, merely a power of sale. All land subject to a trust will be held on a "trust of land" (TLATA s 1). Existing settlements are excluded, but land already held on express or implied trusts for sale are included within the provision. Although it is still possible to create express trusts for sale, as a subset of the trust of land, this will rarely be appropriate for domestic situations, and even here the power to postpone sale cannot be excluded. This means that there is no longer a problem posed by an imperative duty to sell, in situations where that was the last thing intended. One of the most important features of the TLATA is the nature of the trust of land. No longer is there a duty on the trustees to sell the land, there is simply a power to do so if desired. This perhaps reflects the fact that the reasons why trusts are set up nowadays are not the same as in 1925. The trustees of land, when exercising any function relating to the land subject of the trust, are now under a duty (as far as practicable) to consult with beneficiaries of full age and beneficially entitled to an interest in possession in the land. They must give effect to the wishes of those beneficiaries, so far as they are consistent with the general interest of the trust. If there is a dispute among the

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay Ancient philosopher Confucius, who was considered the first professional teacher in China, opened an old-style private school in his hometown. The school enrolled more 3,000 students, and those students just paid a symbolic tuition fee as some crops and meat. The old-style private school has been followed for more than 2000 years. Therefore, the simplest and best way to disseminate knowledge is free education. China had a nine years’ compulsory education but it is not advance with the times now. China should extend years for the compulsory education that free education to senior high school students. With high school free education, students will have equal opportunities to be educated, focus on learning and improving, and improve the standard of living. Let’s look at those benefits of high school free education. Provide equal opportunities Free education of senior high school can also provide equal opportunities as the normal kid to the poor. In the past time, only wealthy people had chance to receive education, but some poor people could not. Now, everyone has right to get knowledge. Free education is a key to open the doors of hope for some smart and poor teenagers. They can have the equal opportunity as the riches to be educated. In the article, â€Å"Free education provides equal opportunities† reported that the government of China had released a newly plan of education that providing equal opportunities in education. The government will expend more power to resolve ingrained problems as extend free education. In many Chinese parents’ mind, if their children have a good and equal beginning in education, it will have a lot of means and benefits for a child’s future (Zhang Jingya, 2010). We can assure that some intelligent and poor students can gain the equal chances through free education. Free education provides some advantages to those people who deserve it and cherish it. In today’ society, everybody wants to have a brighter future, so it is not humanized to lose the better future because of the economic problem. Everyone has the chance to have a comfortable life and the only way to make it come true is to have enough knowledge. If the society can provide an equal chance for the teen that do not have the condition to be educated, they will offer society a better tomorrow. Focus on learning and Improving Free education of senior high school will help the teenagers focus on learning and improving. China promulgated the law on compulsory education in 1986. The government should provide a nine years compulsory education that school should be free of tuition fees and other expenses for all young people. If China extends years for the compulsory education to high school students, it will help some students without worry about the payment of tuition fees and other expenses. They should focus on learning and receiving more knowledge. For example, in the article â€Å"China pledges elimination of rural compulsory education charges in two years†, author says that in some places that particularly in the impoverished rural regions, the law of compulsory education didn’t executed because local government couldn’t cost. Many schools are forcing for continue to collect expenses and charge various miscellaneous fees on their students as voluntary donations, fund-raising for school construction, and after-school tutoring fees (March 5, 2006). Free high school education will help students to pay more attention to learning not the economic hardship of their family. Furthermore, teenagers in senior high school age are about the puberty. That means they are not mature enough in their body and mind. They can’t distinguish the right or wrong in a very advisable way like the adult. As the reason of that, if they give up attending high school because of the economic problem and entering society too early they may lose their way. It is so easy that they make a mistake which will influence their entire life, like involved in a crime. The free education of high school can change this situation. It is better to keep the teenagers in school so they can learn more knowledge and mature their outlook on life. Improve the standard of living Free education of senior high school can improve the standard of living. Francis Bacon said â€Å"Knowledge is Power†. This kind of power should make people’s life more wonderful and colorful because knowledge can produce many things. Free high school education would help more people have higher education. In the article, â€Å"Knowledge Changes Fate†, the author said that knowledge becomes the most significant content of human’s life. It contributes a lot in the economic, welfare and culture of the society. The foundation that supports the movie â€Å"Knowledge Changes Fate† wants to express the theme that the only way to change your fate is to be educated and get more knowledge (Li kasheng, 1999). When people are high educated, they would have more chances to achieve their dreams and plans. Obviously, higher education can help people to win the fierce competition and earns more money. They can live the life better by being successful. When people have higher education, people will think about to improve their personal cultivation after eliminate the struggle for basic needs. As they feel satisfied about their own life, they will do some society works and volunteering and concern more issues which like the society problems and environment problems. Therefore, more free education would have positive and upward influences for the overall quality and minding in the society. Conclusion As all of the content of the essay states, free education of senior high school can advantage our society by many different ways. It can provide an equal opportunity to the teen that cannot bear the cost of education, help the teen to focus on learning and improving, and improve the whole living standard of the society. Although China is a powerful and prosperous country today, our education system still has many leaks need to improve and the most urgent is the free education. If the expectation of free education comes true, China will step in a brand new future. The ancient philosopher Confucius enrolled almost 3000 students and he only charged the tuition fee of some crops and meat as the free education. How the ancient can do this kind of free education, but we cannot? The knowledge is invaluable because it help people to change their whole life. On another hand, senior high school education should be free in China. References China pledges elimination of rural compulsory education charges in two years. (2006). Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/200603/05/print20060305_248042. html Jingya, Z. (2010). Free education provides equal opportunities. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http://english. cntv. cn/program/china24/20100806/100804. shtml Kashing, L. (1999). Knowledge changes fate. Retrieved from http://www. lksf. org/en/project/education/knowledge/main01.

How to Write a Poem About Lacrosse Essay Example for Free

How to Write a Poem About Lacrosse Essay The general purpose of this speech is to demonstrate. The specific purpose is to show how to shoot a lacrosse ball, catch a lacrosse ball and cradle the lacrosse ball. I am going to show you the proper way to shoot the ball, the right way to catch the ball and the correct way cradle the ball. Everyone chill-lax, i’m going to tell you about lax. I am the best person to give this speech because I have played lacrosse almost all my life and I am very good at it. This demonstration will be useful to you because if you ever want to try lacrosse, you will know some of the basics. The first part of lacrosse I am going to tell you about is how to shoot the ball. There are three main points on how to shoot the lax ball. The first is to keep your elbows and hands out and away because you can get more power on the ball. Also it helps you aim the ball more precisely and hit the corners of the goal. Second is to take a big drop step and twist your hips is to create more power on your shoot. Lastly you need to follow through your swing. It’s just like in basketball and how you need yo follow through on your shoot or in soccer and how you need to follow through on your kick. Another part important part of lax is how to catch the ball because if you can’t catch the ball you can’t really score. The most important part of catching the ball is keeping your hands in front of your body. If you do this you can catch the ball from almost anywhere. How you actually receive the ball is another crucial technique. When the ball is going into your stick, you need to bring the stick towards you so the ball won’t pop out. If you just keep your stick out there the ball will hit your mesh and fly out of your head. The last thing I am going to tell you about is how to cradle the ball. If you cannot cradle the ball, when you are trying to move down the field, you will get the ball knocked out and taking away. A way to not let that happen is to bring your stick up strongly and bring it down strongly.

Availability Of Educational Facilities

Availability Of Educational Facilities The concept of quality in every field is a complex concept. It is complex in nature, elements, components, and every respect. Quality is the most honorable but the slipperiest term in the field of education. Sometimes it is used in evaluative sense, for example as scale of goodness. Sometimes it is implied to seek some distinguishing characteristics. The quality in education refers to the standard of management, educational facilities, curriculum, methods of teaching, students, exanimation system, teaching staff etc. The quality of education is poor at all levels in developing and under developed countries, Iqbal (1987) stated that Students in developing countries have a mean level of achievement below that in industrial countries and their performance shows a much greater variation around the mean. According to a report of the World Bank (1999), the main ways in which governments can help to improve the quality of education are setting standards, supporting inputs to improve, achievements, adopting flexible strategies for the acquisition and use of inputs, and monitoring performance. Generally the spaces are not taken because of the weight of the existing education speeding and management practices. Learning requires five inputs: the students learning capacity and motivation, the subject to be learned, teacher who has good knowledge of subject can teach that subject, time for learning and tools for teaching and learning. Historical Background: Pakistan appeared on the map of the world on 14th of August 1947 and inherited its system of education from British colonial era. There were two types of educationalinstitutions which were working at the time of independence insub-continent, i.e. DeniMadaris and Formal Schools set-up by the BritishGovernment. The National Education Policy (1998) presents statistically the picture of educational institutes of that time. For example, Pakistan inherited two Universities,2,900 primary schools in East Pakistan and 5,500 primary schools in West Pakistan outof 39,000 primary schools which were present at that time in the Subcontinent.Moreover, the new-born country inherited 83 colleges, 3 engineering colleges and 71Agriculture/Technical institutions. India received the lions share of the financial and military resources. But to make matters worse India received the bulk of the skilled manpower because most of the industry and commercial institutions were on the Indianside of the border (Govt. of Pakistan, 1998). After the emergence of Pakistan the firstthing felt was to develop the system of education for an independent and sovereignIslamic state. Research Questions: Q1. Why do not people send their children in Schools? Q2. Why people are unable to bear the dues of schools? Q3. Why are facilities not fully available in Pakistani Schools? Q4. How can we increase the literacy rate of people in Pakistan? Significance of the Research: Public Schools: â‚ ¬Ã‚  Public schools have large, spacious and according to standard school buildings. â‚ ¬Ã‚  Teachers are permanent, highly qualified and trained. All facilities including building, hall, library, furniture and utilities like electricity, water supply, and gas etc are provided and financed by government. â‚ ¬Ã‚  Education is totally free up to matriculation level. Public schools enroll the majority of students belonging to middle and lower middle class families. Education is better at secondary level than private schools. Public schools have larger class size. Physical Facilities: The internal efficiency of an education system is related to the improvement of modern facilities, because physical facilities at school level had a very positive impact on the performance of the students. There is a vital role of academic institutions, qualified staff, and facilities which were helpful in the uplift of the child. EDO (Executive District Officer) and DEO (District Education Officer) must ensure the provision of physical facilities to the schools in theirrespective districts for the improvement of quality education at primary level in the country. Facilities in Schools: The number of rooms depends on the facilities provided in the school. Normally each section of the class should have a separate room.We can divide the schoolrooms in to the following three categories: 1. Instruction Room, the classrooms and laboratories. 2. Non-instruction rooms, as headmasters office clerks office, staff-room, library room etc 3. Miscellaneous room as tuck shop, store, water rooms etc. Playgrounds are necessary for out-door activates. In Pakistan the necessity of grounds is even more apparent as most of the school buildings are outdated and in hygienic. This deficiency could only be compensated with the playgrounds. Each classroom should have sufficient number of desks or benches for the students. The arrangement of the desks should be such that light be cost on them form the left. A good library is a necessity in a school. No school can function successfully without a well-equipped library. It is necessary both for teachers and taught. Every teacher should devote enough time in studying he various books to elaborate his lessons and also increase his general knowledge. Extra reading is very useful for children also. Library books are more interesting and attractive but they are as useful as textbooks as for as learning is concerned. The library books elaborate the lessons of the textbooks. Without library facilities, the textbooks become dry and difficult. The science laboratory should be adequately equipped with the modern scientific equipment and chemicals that are needed at the secondary stage. Preliminary Literature Review: IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION: Education is a powerful catalyzing agent, which provides mental, physical, ideological and moral training to individuals, so as to enable them to have fullconsciousness of their mission, of their purpose in life and to equip them to achievethat purpose. It is an instrument for the spiritual development as well as the materialfulfillment of human beings. With in the context of Islamic perception, education isan instrument for developing the attitudes of individuals in accordance with the valueof righteousness to help build a sound Islamic society (Govt. of Pakistan, 1998). Education plays an important role in human resource development. It raises the productivity, efficiency of individuals and produce skilled manpower that is capable ofleading the economic development. Importance of Education for human resourcedevelopment does not need any justification and clarification. The developed countriesattach highest priority to education; same is the case with the developing countries.The constitution of Pakistan accepts education as one of the fundamental rights of acitizen as well as constitutional commitment of the government accepts to provideaccess to education to every citizen (Govt. of Pakistan, 2000). EDUCATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN: The education system in Pakistan consisted of a number of stages, primary, middle secondary, higher secondary/intermediate, and college and university levels. These categories overlap and so does the administration of institutions overlap in each category. For example, there are schools/colleges offering education from nursery to degree level (class XIV), even to masters level. Principals of such colleges areresponsible for over all administration of the colleges. But staff of that college/schoolmay be under the directorate of schools or colleges for the purpose of transfers,promotions and posting etc. The structure of formal education system in Pakistan canbe summarized as following. Level Schooling Age 1. Primary Five years 5-9 years 2. Middle Three 10-13 3. Secondary Two 14-15 4. Higher Secondary/Intermediate Two 16-17 5. Higher (College) Two 18-19 6. Higher (University) Two to Five 20 and above Objectives of Education: The National Association of Secondary School Principals identified following goals for secondary education.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to develop salable skills and those understandings and attitudes that make the worker an intelligent and productive participant in economic life.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to develop and maintain good health and physical fitness.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to understand the rights and duties of the citizen of a democratic society and to be diligent and competent in the performance of their obligations as members of the community and citizens of the state and nation.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to understand the methods of science, the influence of science on human life, and the main scientific facts concerning the nature of the world and of man.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need opportunities to develop their capacities to appreciate beauty in literature, art, music and nature.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  All youth need to develop respect for other persons to grow in their insight into ethical values and principles, and to be able to live and work cooperative with others. Methodology: The major purpose of the study was to compare the quality of education in Public and Private secondary schools of Pakistan. For this, survey was conducted to get the opinions of the respondents. Hence, the nature of study was descriptive type. Following methods and procedures wereadopted to conduct this proposed research. POPULATION: All the schools in public and private sector of Pakistan, their heads, secondary school teachers and students constituted the population of thestudy. SAMPLE: Random sampling technique is used and description of sample is as follow. Sample of Schools: Total two hundred and sixteen secondary schools in public and private sector (twenty- four secondary schools from each sample district) were randomly selected.The proportion of public sector schools and private sector schools, boys and girlsschools was fifty- fifty. Sample of Heads: All the heads of already sampled 216 secondary schools of public and private sector (the proportion of public sector schools and private sector schools, boys andgirls schools was equal) included in sample. Sample of Teachers: One thousand and eighty teachers teaching secondary classes (120 teachers from each sample district) were randomly selected in which proportion of male femaleteachers was fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district, the proportion ofthe public and private and male and female teachers are equal. Sample of Students: Four thousand three hundred and twenty students (480 students from each sampled district) were randomly selected in which proportion of male female studentswas fifty fifty. In such a way that from each sample district the proportion of thepublic and private and male and female students were equal. Conclusion: The study revealed that private sector schools had actually less number of students and teachers at secondary level as compared to public sector schools. With respect to ownership of building almost 98% public sector schools had their own buildings while majority of private schools were running in rented buildings. In public schools, studentteacher ratio was higher than private schools.The quality of education is the most burning issue of the day. Administration is considered to be the most important ingredient of any organization, for it serves as the asset for the most previous assets of the nations which are educational institutions. The entire study reveals that heads of private sector secondary schools are better than heads of public sector secondary schools regarding involvement of other staff in decision making, keeping themselves as a part of team while leading them and carrying out the tasks in a well organized fashion.

Bach and Schoenberg Essay -- Music

J. S. Bach was the first known composer to use a literal representation of his name in his music. He used the chromatic motive B-A-C-H , that is, B-flat, A, C, B-natural in American theoretical language in Contrapunctuas XIV from the Art of Fugue. Although Bach left this fugue unfinished, the third and last subject of the fugue was the B-A-C-H motive that composers after Bach have used to pay tribute to the great composer. There are a number of composers; including: Schumann, Liszt, Reger, Busoni, Schoenberg, and Webern, who have used the B-A-C-H theme in their works; varying the way they employed it to make it part of their personal style. NEED SCHUMANN, LISZT, REGER INTRODUCTION SENTENCES. In 1910, Busoni created one of most famous works, Fantasia Contrappuntistica, that "finished" Bach's unfinished fugue; the theme is easily noticeable in contrapuntal form. In 1923, the year Schoenberg created his twelve-tone method, he composed op. 25 Suite FÃ ¼r Klavier, which employs his tonal row in inversion, the B-A-C-H motive. In 1937-38, a student of Schoenberg and a purveyor of serialism, Webern used a tonal row beginning with the B-A-C-H motive to create his piece Streichquartett, op 28. Each of the three modern composers uses this theme differently but they each have used these four notes to create a piece that connects each of them to Bach in a unique way. In Fuga a 3 Soggetti (Contrapunctus XIV) from the Art of Fugue; Bach first presented two whole fugues with separate subjects before beginning the signature-subject . The subject begins with the four notes B flat, A, C, and B natural in a chromatic pattern that is easily recognized. As can be seen below, he quickly matches his subject in the tenor with a real answer at a fi... ...e is a key factor of serialism and Webern is able pull this off while maintaining the B-A-C-H theme in his row. Annotated Bibliography ARSIS Audio: CD168." ARSIS Audio. Web. 01 Oct. 2009. Electronic Bach, J.S. "Contrapunctus XIX: Fuga a 3 sogetti". Art of Fugue. Electronic Bailey, Kathryn . "Webern, Anton." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 9 Nov. 2009. Electronic Busoni, Ferruccio. "Fuga III". Fantasia Contrappuntistica. Print. Neighbour, O.W. "Schoenberg, Arnold." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 9 Nov. 2009. Electronic. Sitsky, Larry. Busoni and the Piano: The Works, The Writings, and the Recordings. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. Print. Schoenberg, Arnold. Suite FÃ ¼r Klavier, Op.25. Wien: Universal Edition. Print. Webern, Anton. Streichquartett, Op. 28 / #c Webern. Wien: Universal Edition. Print.

Researching the Asian American Culture Essay -- Cultural Identity Essay

Researching the Asian American Culture There are fundamental differences between Eastern and Western cultures and the meeting of these cultures has had several effects, both in Asia and here in the US. Overseas, you can see the juxtaposition of American pop culture on the older modes of Asian thought and society. Here, New Age religions find new excuses in Asian religions and philosophies and Anime is appears regularly on Saturday morning cartoons. Often, this juxtaposition becomes turbulent as the younger generations are caught between two seemingly opposing cultures. As a result, crime rates rise with the integration of Western ideals and culture into Asian society. This is true here in America too as the first generation of Asian-Americans are born and brought up by Asian parents, with Asian thinking, in American society and culture. This conflict manifests itself in our history as a nation as well as in modern universities and businesses. Historically, the United States has not been kind to Asian immigrants and until as late as 1965, legal discrimination against Asians has been an accepted part of American culture. In the mid-nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants began to come to the United States in response to the gold rush in California. By 1852, over 20,000 Chinese had emigrated to the United States. Many of these would end up working on the Transcontinental Railroad as contract laborers. Local groups demanded, however, that the flow of emigration be stopped and in 1858, a law was passed that barred the Chinese from entering. This began a series of laws and treaties with China and Japan that would govern Asian emigration to the US. In 1868, Chinese emigration is reopened as a result of the Burlingame... ...ginning to result in more and more first and second generation Americans in the business and professional world. More and more Asian doctors, always a popular profession, can be seen today. The recent dot com craze similarly resulted in a disproportionate number of Asians heading up companies, although this has yet to manifest itself in the larger corporations. (no hard data on this, but I could probably find some if you need) However, Asians are rapidly becoming a greater force in American culture as the proportion of educated Asian-Americans rises. Despite small numbers, they begin to have more and more influence in the business and professional worlds as well as academics. They are an interesting group, however, caught between two extremely different cultures as they seek to strike a balance between the ideals of their parents and the world they live in.